Simulacra Definition

A simulacrum (plural: simulacra from Latin: simulacrum, which means 'likeness, similarity') is a representation or imitation of a person or thing.^[1]Harvest moon ds cute recipes. The word was first recorded in the English language in the late 16th century, used to describe a representation, such as a statue or a painting, especially of a god. By the late 19th century, it had gathered a secondary association of inferiority: an image without the substance or qualities of the original.^[2] Literary critic Fredric Jameson offers photorealism as an example of artistic simulacrum, where a painting is created by copying a photograph that is itself a copy of the real.^[3] Other art forms that play with simulacra include trompe-l'œil,^[4]pop art, Italian neorealism, and French New Wave.^[3]

I think it's about time I wrote an entry about simulacra. Once you enter the area of philosophy, nothing is simple. It's not as if you can write a lot about it. You have to write a lot about it. By the way, I believe that when reading Baudrillard, you have to follow one rule. Synonyms for simulacrum at Thesaurus.com with free online thesaurus, antonyms, and definitions. Find descriptive alternatives for simulacrum.

Philosophy[edit]

Simulacra have long been of interest to philosophers. In his Sophist, Plato speaks of two kinds of image making. The first is a faithful reproduction, attempted to copy precisely the original. The second is intentionally distorted in order to make the copy appear correct to viewers. He gives the example of Greek statuary, which was crafted larger on the top than on the bottom so that viewers on the ground would see it correctly. If they could view it in scale, they would realize it was malformed. This example from the visual arts serves as a metaphor for the philosophical arts and the tendency of some philosophers to distort truth so that it appears accurate unless viewed from the proper angle.^[5]Nietzsche addresses the concept of simulacrum (but does not use the term) in the Twilight of the Idols, suggesting that most philosophers, by ignoring the reliable input of their senses and resorting to the constructs of language and reason, arrive at a distorted copy of reality.^[6]

Postmodernist French social theoristJean Baudrillard argues that a simulacrum is not a copy of the real, but becomes truth in its own right: the hyperreal. According to Baudrillard, what the simulacrum copies either had no original or no longer has an original (think a copy of a copy without an original). Where Plato saw two types of representation—faithful and intentionally distorted (simulacrum)—Baudrillard sees four: (1) basic reflection of reality; (2) perversion of reality; (3) pretence of reality (where there is no model); and (4) simulacrum, which 'bears no relation to any reality whatsoever'.^[7] In Baudrillard's concept, like Nietzsche's, simulacra are perceived as negative, but another modern philosopher who addressed the topic, Gilles Deleuze, takes a different view, seeing simulacra as the avenue by which an accepted ideal or 'privileged position' could be 'challenged and overturned'.^[8] Deleuze defines simulacra as 'those systems in which different relates to different by means of difference itself. What is essential is that we find in these systems no prior identity, no internal resemblance'.^[9]

Alain Badiou, in speaking with reference to Nazism about Evil, writes,^[10] 'fidelity to a simulacrum, unlike fidelity to an event, regulates its break with the situation not by the universality of the void, but by the closed particularity of an abstract set .. (the 'Germans' or the 'Aryans')'.

Recreation[edit]

Recreational simulacra include reenactments of historical events or replicas of landmarks, such as Colonial Williamsburg and the Eiffel Tower, and constructions of fictional or cultural ideas, such as Fantasyland at The Walt Disney Company's Magic Kingdom. The various Disney parks have by some philosophers been regarded as the ultimate recreational simulacra, with Baudrillard noting that Walt Disney World Resort is a copy of a copy, 'a simulacrum to the second power'.^[11] In 1975, Italian author Umberto Eco argued that at Disney's parks, 'we not only enjoy a perfect imitation, we also enjoy the conviction that imitation has reached its apex and afterwards reality will always be inferior to it'.^[12] This is for some an ongoing concern. Examining the impact of Disney's simulacrum of national parks, Disney's Wilderness Lodge, environmentalist Jennifer Cypher and anthropologist Eric Higgs expressed worry that 'the boundary between artificiality and reality will become so thin that the artificial will become the centre of moral value'.^[13] Eco also refers to commentary on watching sports as sports to the power of three, or sports cubed. First, there are the players who participate in the sport (the real), then the onlookers merely witnessing it, and finally the commentary on the act of witnessing the sport. Visual artist Paul McCarthy has created entire installations based on Pirates of the Caribbean and theme park simulacra, with videos playing inside the installation.

Caricature[edit]

An interesting example of simulacrum is caricature. When an artist produces a line drawing that closely approximates the facial features of a real person, the subject of the sketch cannot be easily identified by a random observer; it can be taken for a likeness of any individual. However, a caricaturist exaggerates prominent facial features, and a viewer will pick up on these features and be able to identify the subject, even though the caricature bears far less actual resemblance to the subject.

Iconography[edit]

Beer (1999: p. 11) employs the term 'simulacrum' to denote the formation of a sign or iconographic image, whether iconic or aniconic, in the landscape or greater field of Thangka art and Tantric Buddhist iconography. For example, an iconographic representation of a cloud formation sheltering a deity in a thanka or covering the auspice of a sacred mountain in the natural environment may be discerned as a simulacrum of an 'auspicious canopy' (Sanskrit: Chhatra) of the Ashtamangala.^[14]Perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomena approach a cultural universal and may be proffered as evidence of the natural creative spiritual engagement of the experienced environment endemic to the human psychology.

Word usage[edit]

The Latinised plural simulacra is interchangeable with the anglicised version simulacrums.^[15]

Simulacrum as artificial beings[edit]

Gender bender dna twister extreme pirate. Simulacra often appear in speculative fiction. Examples of simulacra in the sense of artificial or supernaturally or scientifically created artificial life forms include:

• Automaton – A self-operating robot.
• Artificial animals and replicants in Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? by Philip K Dick and its film adaptation Blade Runner.
• Carlo Collodi's Pinocchio – A puppet that comes to life.
• Feathertop – A scarecrow created and brought to life by a witch.
• Frankenstein's Monster from Frankenstein – A creation of Victor Frankenstein made from various body parts. Frankenstein's Monster was also adapted in DC Comics and Marvel Comics.
  • The Universal Pictures film Bride of Frankenstein featured the titular monster that was made by a collaboration of Henry Frankenstein and Doctor Septimus Pretorius.
• Fritz Lang's Metropolis – Featuring 'Maria' the robotrix.
• Galatea from Metamorphoses – A statue of a female created by Pygmalion and brought to life by Aphrodite.
• Gargoyles – Statues sculpted to resemble monsters.
• Hatsune Miku – A virtual idol VOCALOID known well among the otaku culture.
• Holograms – Computerized images of anything.
• Homunculus – Small miniature humanoids created through alchemy.
• Karel Čapek's RUR – Originated the word robot.
• Neutrinos from Solaris – A race of creatures made from the memories of humans.
• Nomu - Creatures from My Hero Academia. Also known as 'Artificial Humans,' the Nomu are deceased humans whose bodies were altered and modified by Dr. Kyudai Garaki to hold more than one Quirk. These mindless creations are used by the League of Villains and later it's extended counterpart the Paranormal Liberation Front.
• Pintosmalto – A statue of a man made from large amounts of sugar and sweet almonds, scented water, musk and amber, various jewels, gold thread, and above all a trough and a silver trowel who was brought to life by a Goddess of Love.
• Revenant - A robot with the mind of a former human hitman in the Apex Legends universe.
• Simulacrum Soldier - Robotic soldiers with human minds employed by both the IMC and Frontier Militia in the Titanfall universe. While they bear superficial resemblance to the commonly-fielded BRD-01 Spectre, Simulacra are instead human minds uploaded into robotic bodies. A simulacrum can be considered a form of transhumanism.
• Simulacrum Spell - An illusion spell from Dungeons & Dragons that creates a partially real duplicate of someone, though it only has half the power and abilities of the original.
• Snegurochka – A little girl made of snow.
• Squadron Supreme of America - In Marvel Comics, the Squadron Supreme of America are revealed to be simulacrums created by Mephisto and programmed by the Power Elite so that Phil Coulson can have them be a United States-sponsored superhero team.
• Terracotta Army – Terracotta sculptures of the armies of Qin Shi Huang.
• The Gingerbread Man – A gingerbread man that came to life.
• The Golem of Jewish folklore – A creation of a rabbi.
• Thumbelina – A small girl created by a witch.
• Ushabiti – Egyptian figurines.
• Vasilisa the Beautiful – A doll that came to life.

Also, the illusions of absent loved ones created by an alien life form in Stanislaw Lem's Solaris can be considered simulacra.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^'Word of the Day'. dictionary.com. 1 May 2003. Archived from the original on 17 February 2007. Retrieved 2 May 2007.
2. ^'simulacrum' The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary 1993
3. ^ ^abMassumi, Brian. 'Realer than Real: The Simulacrum According to Deleuze and Guattari.'Archived 23 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 2 May 2007
4. ^Baudrillard, Jean. Simulacra and Simulations. transl. Sheila Faria Glaser. 'XI. Holograms.'Archived 27 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 5 May 2010
5. ^Plato. The Sophist. Translated by Benjamin Jowett. Archived from the original on 30 December 2005. Retrieved 2 May 2007.
6. ^Nietzsche, Friedrich (1888). 'Reason in Philosophy'. Twilight of the Idols. Translated by Walter Kaufmann and R. J. Hollingdale. Archived from the original on 26 April 2007. Retrieved 2 May 2007.
7. ^Baudrillard Simulacra retrieved 2 May 2007. Archived 9 February 2004 at the Wayback Machine
8. ^Deleuze, Gilles (1968). Difference and Repetition. Translated by Paul Patton. Columbia: Columbia University Press. p. 69.
9. ^p. 299.
10. ^Badiou, Alain (2001). Ethics - An Essay on the Understanding of Evil. Translated by Peter Hallward. London: Verso. p. 74.
11. ^Baudrillard, Jean. transl. Francois Debrix. Liberation. 4 March 1996. 'Disneyworld Company.'Archived 27 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 5 May 2010.
12. ^Eco, Umberto. Travels in Hyperreality. Reproduced in relevant portion at'The City of Robots'Archived 12 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 2 May 2007
13. ^Cypher, Jennifer and Eric Higgs. 'Colonizing the Imagination: Disney's Wilderness Lodge'.Archived 4 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 2 May 2007
14. ^Beer, Robert (1999). The Encyclopedia of Tibetan Symbols and Motifs. Shambhala Publications. p. 11. ISBN978-1-57062-416-2.
15. ^'simulacrum'. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 12 July 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2015.

External links[edit]

• 'Two Essays: Simulacra and Science Fiction; Ballard’s Crash' Baudrillard, Jean
• 'The Simulacrum's Revenge,' sec 3.2 of Flatline Constructs: Gothic and Cybernetic-Theory Fiction Fisher, Mark